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Some people choose not to consume dairy products such as milk. These people may:
- • choose to follow a specific diet, such as vegan or paleo
- • hope to reduce acne or other conditions
- • have an allergy or sensitivity to lactose (the milk sugar) or casein (the milk protein)
- • have concerns about methods of dairy farming and their impact on the environment
- • have concerns about the possibility that milk contains hormones, such as estrogen
Some argue that humans are the only species who continue to drink milk after being weaned, implying that milk consumption is unnatural and unnecessary.
Hormones in milk
Some people worry that the hormones in dairy milk, including estrogen and growth hormones, can adversely affect them.
In a 2016 study, researchers found that mice who consumed high concentrations of estrogen in milk underwent hormonal changes. However, they note that the levels of estrogen were far higher than those that usually occur in cow’s milk.
Scientists have not yet found evidence to suggest that the hormones in dairy milk can affect humans negatively.
Cancer
Some evidence suggests that a high intake of milk may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. The reasons for this remain unclear, however.
Allergies, intolerances, and sensitivities
Many people consume milk without experiencing any adverse effects. However, others may have an adverse reaction.
A milk allergy
A milk allergy is different from lactose intolerance. If a person with a milk allergy drinks milk, they will have an abnormal immunologic reaction, in which the body’s immune system produces allergic antibodies such as immunoglobulin E.
For these people, drinking milk can lead to:
- • vomiting
- • diarrhea
- • hives
- • blood in the stool
A severe allergic reaction can trigger sudden anaphylactic shock, which can be fatal. If a person starts to experience swelling or difficulty breathing after coming into contact with or consuming milk, they need urgent medical attention.
Those with a milk allergy should avoid milk and dairy products, including butter, whey, yogurt, and cheese.
Lactose intolerance
Some people do not produce enough of an enzyme called lactase, and this can make it hard for them to digest milk. Lactase breaks down lactose, which is a sugar in milk. Sometimes, this can be a temporary problem — for example, due to an infection.
For those with lactose intolerance, consuming milk can cause bloating, flatulence, or diarrhea.
However, levels of lactose intolerance vary from person to person. Some may be able to tolerate products with low levels of lactose, such as yogurt and hard cheeses, while others may be unable to tolerate even a drop of milk in their coffee.
Lactose free milk has added enzymes to help with lactose digestion. This may ease or eliminate these symptoms.
Casein sensitivity
Casein is a protein in milk. For people with a casein sensitivity, consuming milk can trigger inflammation in the digestive system and throughout the body.
Anyone who suspects that dairy products could be causing symptoms can talk to a dietitian. Trying an elimination diet or undergoing food sensitivity testing may help determine whether or not a dairy free diet is appropriate. *
